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I'm just as you not a physesist but I'm still gonna take a bet at correcting you.

From what I know the "constantly moving" thing you to talked about is wrong (but the particles are probably always moving). I think what you where trying to get at is the fact that you can not measure a particles movement and position at the same time.¹

Those small quantum particles are not described by a position and a movement vector like normal objects but are instead described by a probability field, a so called "wave function". This function describes the probability that a particle is at a given position at a given time.² When two particles interact there waves merge and there now described by one wave (I have no idea how that works). Those particles then become "entangled" and share certain attributes.³ This is what happens with Schrödingers cat, the cat is entangled with the cat killing mechanism in the box. The cat can then be described by a probability thingy yielding not a absolute state for the cat but the probability that the cat is dead/alive.

There are many theories for how those values should be translated into the absolute world we see. One of those theories is, as you said, the Copenhagen theory. It states that when observerad all particles choose a state based on their wave function. It was, as you said, this theory that Schrödinger was arguing against.⁴ My favourite theory (based on its name) is the "shut up and calculate" theory.²

1. Uncertainty principle - Swedish Wikipedia
2. quantum mechanics- Swedish Wikipedia
3. Quantum entanglement - Swedish Wikipedia
4. "Parallels worlds probably exist. Here is why" - versarium YT

yes I just cited three articles in Swedish. but all of them should be available in English to :-)