I think it's more accurate to say that up/downvoting is used as like/dislike, with disagreement being a special case of dislike.

But like it or not, you will never get rid of that association because it's the simplest and most direct interpretation of an up/down vote. It's just psychology.

Also keep in mind that your feelings on what up/downvoting should mean is really more appropriate at the comment level, whereas, having them represent like/dislike is notably more appropriate at the thread/post level - as the idea for a sub/magazine is that content users like should be promoted and content they don't want to see should be demoted.

Unfortunately, that makes it even more difficult because now you would want the arrows to mean different things depending on the area they are used.

The end result is that you will never break the link between voting and people interpreting it as like/dislike. It's the appropriate interpretation for threads/posts, and it then becomes the simplest interpretation for comments as well.

What you can do is have a separate control to indicate whether a comment is appropriate or not. However, you would still run the risk of people weaponizing it against comments they particularly dislike, so I'm not sure whether it would be worth the effort to implement.