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From what I understand China does not know how to make their own lithography equipment and they had to be imported from abroad. It's specifically one of the things the sanctions are targeting. The second paragraph is interesting and it answers a question I had earlier about how they were sourcing their silicone. In the <9nm regime its really important that the silicone is amorphous, if it's crystalline then lithography will fail since the edges it will etch will be jagged from the crystalline structure of the silicone. So my guess is they can't make their own silicone either, at least not for etching 7nm chips.
Here's a bit of geopolitics for you, Taiwan can make lithography equipment, which is why China has been so aggressive about Taiwan lately.
I don't believe this is true, though I'm certainly no expert on the subject. Taiwan Semiconductor is the largest manufacturer of the chips, but they use lithography equipment manufactured by the Dutch company ASML.
Yeah, the OOP comment doesn't really make sense. China is being more aggressive about Taiwan because nationalist drum beating is a good distraction from the economic tensions at home and because Biden has been more explicit about the US defending Taiwan than any president before him.
Take a look at the number of people who live in China, then look at their success at reverse engineering and copying technological products, then ask yourself what a couple of thousand of the best engineers they have could do with an unlimited budget and several years. It's it really inconceivable that they could copy and manufacture this equipment?
ASML (Dutch company) are the ones making the most advanced lithography machines right now. Taiwanese industry no doubt has some expertise, but I would guess it's mainly around building and running the fab not necessarily the intricate workings of the machines.
Indeed