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Without the evolutionary pressure to maintain high melanin levels in the skin, and possibly also from interbreeding with Neanderthaal, European people's got paler.
Someone mutated to have eyes that were paler and more sensitive to light, which was useful during the longer nights further north, and that mutation spread.
So it's a bit of both.
But what's the evolutionary pressure keeping melanin levels among ethnicities that stayed black? And why does it affect people in Central and South Africa but not in North Africa and the Middle East, when both regions are about equally hot?
It's important to think about the time scale that evolution works on. These changes happened very slowly 50,000+ years ago.
The regions near the equator where people still tend to be lighter skinned have been in contact with and interbreeding with lighter skinned people for thousands of years, plus many migrations and invasions.over the past 10,000 years.